A Review on Battery Life and Energy Management in HWSNs using Adaptive Energy Harvesting Techniques

This review article scrutinizes the limitations and improvements in battery life and energy management models within HSWNs that employ adaptive energy harvesting techniques, enhancing consumption strategies on real-time predictions. The hierarchical wireless sensor networks face several limitations in battery life and energy management, such as limited battery capacities, energy consumption, energy harvesting limitations, communication overheads, network scalability, environmental factors, etc. Effective energy management is vital as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) advance into various implementations, including monitoring ecological parameters and smart cities. This review paper examines the responsibility of communication protocols, precisely routing and Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols, in optimizing energy efficiency. We scrutinize existing energy-efficient schemes and their comparative performance, concentrating on their adaptability to changing energy sources. Examining these protocols, we accentuate the best techniques and potential areas for development. Furthermore, the review highlights the necessity for advanced approaches integrating energy harvesting with resilience communication frameworks to maximize network lifespan. The discoveries are targeted to lead future research and advancement in WSNs, providing more reliable and efficient energy management schemes for WSNs