Frequency-Domain Modeling and PI-Lead Controller Design for Non-Ideal DC-DC Boost Converters

In most previous studies, DC-DC converters were modeled under ideal assumptions. This study develops a more realistic mathematical model by explicitly incorporating non-ideal effects such as parasitic resistances of inductors, capacitors, MOSFETs, and diodes, as well as the diode forward voltage drop. A conventional PI controller tuned via the Stability Boundary Locus method has been applied in prior work, but it often suffers from limited gain crossover frequency and prolonged settling time, leading to degraded transient performance. To overcome these limitations, a PI-lead controller design is proposed, in which controller parameters are systematically tuned based on desired phase margin and gain crossover frequency. The PI part enhances low-frequency gain and ensures steady-state accuracy, while the lead part contributes additional phase margin, thereby improving dynamic response. Simulation results indicate that the proposed PI-lead strategy provides faster settling response, reduced overshoot, and improved stability compared to the traditional PI controller. These improvements, summarized through both frequency- and time-domain analyses, demonstrate the potential of PI-lead control for real-world applications such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and aerospace power electronics. The main contribution of this work is the integration of comprehensive non-ideal modeling with frequency-domain-based PI-lead tuning, providing both theoretical insights and practical significance. These results highlight the potential of PI-lead control for high-performance applications such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and aerospace power electronics.