Analysis of Iron and Lead in Refilled Drinking Water from Yogyakarta Depots

This study aims to analyze the concentrations of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) in refillable drinking water from six depots located around Yogyakarta. Using an experimental design, water samples were collected from three depots in Karangmalang and three in Samirono, each with different water sources including municipal supply, mountain spring, and bore wells. The concentrations of Fe and Pb were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) following acid digestion procedures. Results showed that all Fe concentrations were significantly below the maximum limit of 0.3 mg/L set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010, indicating no health concern. However, Pb concentrations in four depots (A, B, E, and F) exceeded the permissible limit of 0.01 mg/L, with values ranging from 0.011 to 0.031 mg/L. The elevated Pb levels may result from contaminated plumbing materials, poor filtration maintenance, or leaching from metal components. These findings highlight a potential health risk, particularly for long-term consumers, and emphasize the need for regular monitoring, improved infrastructure, and stricter regulatory enforcement. This study contributes to the limited literature on trace metal contamination in refillable water depots, particularly in student-dense areas. The comparative analysis of multiple water sources adds novelty, offering insights for localized policy improvement and public health protection. Clearly stating such implications supports the formulation of more responsive public health regulations to ensure safe drinking water access.